The video for this story about Bess and the role of horses in the First World War screened on TV3 News on 10 August 2014.
Some 10,000 New Zealand horses went overseas to serve in the First World War. Some were packhorses, many of which helped on the Western Front. Bess was among the several thousand riding horses that served with New Zealand’s mounted forces in Sinai and Palestine, and were much loved by their riders. Bess was lucky to survive – she survived the dangers of being transported, and the high risk of being killed in action or dying of disease in the Middle East. She had to put up with poor feed, little water and extremes of heat and cold. Bess was the only horse from the Middle East to return home to New Zealand – and only three other horses returned from the Western Front.
Bess - the lucky horse
In 1914 there were 400,000 horses in New Zealand, which were used on farms and to transport people and goods in cities. Between 1914 and 1916 the government acquired over 10,000 of these horses to equip its forces in the First World War.
Each volunteer mounted rifleman was supposed to bring a horse, and they were bought by government and issued back to the soldier if the horse was deemed suitable. The horses had to be aged 4–7, 14–15.2 hands in height, strong and not too light a colour. Stallions were not allowed and geldings were preferred. ‘NZ’ was branded on one hoof, their number on another hoof.
In addition, more than 1000 horses were donated to the government.
Bess
One of these ‘gift’ horses was a four-year-old black thoroughbred. Bred by A. D. McMaster of Matawhero, near Martinborough, in 1910, she was by Sarazen out of Miss Jury. She was known as F. A. Deller's ‘Zelma’ prior to being presented to the New Zealand Army. ‘Zelma’ was allocated to the Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment and selected by Captain Charles Guy Powles, who renamed her Bess.
Powles had previously served in the South African War. An officer in New Zealand’s Staff Corps at the outbreak of the First World War, he became brigade major to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade (NZMR). He served with the NZMR in multiple campaigns during the war, becoming commanding officer of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles and ending the war as a lieutenant colonel. He wrote two books on the NZMR, including: The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine with Major A. Wilkie (1922) and History of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles 1914–1919 (1928).
From New Zealand to Egypt
Bess and Powles left New Zealand with the main body of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in October 1914, bound for Egypt along with 3815 horses.
The horses were transported in rows of cramped stalls, some exposed to the weather. The men had to groom them, rub their legs to prevent swelling, and exercise them daily on coconut matting on the deck. About 3% of the horses died while being transported and their bodies were thrown overboard.
Nearly all of the 10,000 horses went initially to Egypt. More than half were riding horses, like Bess, used by the troops and officers. Nearly 4000 were draught horses or packhorses used for artillery and transport purposes. Many of these ended up on the Western Front.
Very few horses were used at Gallipoli, so most, including Bess, remained in Egypt during 1915. From late 1915 the horses were reunited with their men as they returned from Gallipoli.
New Zealand Mounted Rifles
Bess remained in the Middle East along with several thousand other New Zealand horses. They were assigned to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade which, as part of the ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) Mounted Division with Australian Light Horse brigades and Royal Horse Artillery batteries, served in the Sinai Campaign of 1916 and the Palestine campaign of 1917–18.
Riding horses were used throughout by the mounted troops. The men were not cavalry, fighting from their horses. Rather, the horses allowed the riflemen to move rapidly to new positions. The men operated in groups of four and, when they dismounted to take part in actions like infantry, one man would be left behind to look after the horses.
Conditions in Sinai and Palestine
The conditions on the ground in both the Sinai and Palestine were physically trying for the horses. They carried heavy loads – a fully loaded horse carried about 130 kilograms – including rider, weapons, two bandoliers of ammunition, forage, blankets, food and water. They had to travel long distances on difficult terrain, putting up with ticks, fleas and biting flies, shortages of food and water, and challenging weather – from extreme heat, burning sand and blinding dust, to cold nights and driving rain.
Inevitably horses lost condition. Some died, others were too weak to continue and were evacuated to hospital. In 1917, immediately before the Battle at Ayun Kara, some horses went without water for up to 72 hours. Horses also died as a result of wounds from enemy artillery fire or aerial attacks.
The men became emotionally and physically dependent on their horses – and often used their shadows to get protection from the midday sun.
Conditions on the Western Front
Conditions were no better for horses on the Western Front. Food, water or suitable shelter were in short supply, and during winter they suffered because of the wetness and mud. Sometimes horses were killed or wounded by shell fire or aerial bombing in rear areas where they were tethered or stabled together.
What happened to the horses?
It is unclear exactly how many New Zealand horses survived to the end of the war. Records suggest some ‘original’ horses were still with their units. Bess was one such horse. Shortly before the Palestine campaign ended Powles and Bess joined the New Zealand Division in France. After France, she served with Powles during the occupation of Germany’s Rhineland.
At the end of the war an acute shortage of transport, and quarantine restrictions related to animal diseases prevalent overseas, prevented most horses from returning to New Zealand.
Horses serving in Egypt were pooled with other British army horses. The fittest were initially kept but most were not. Those fit for work were sold locally, while those deemed unfit were killed. Some men tried to have their horses deemed unfit, rather than have them sold locally, concerned that the locals would mistreat them. A few of the horses on the Western Front were eventually repatriated to England.
Bess was one of just four horses originally from New Zealand that were subsequently transported home. All had belonged to officers associated with General Sir Alexander Russell: Beautiful to the late Captain Richard Riddiford, Dolly to General Sir Alexander Russell, Nigger to the late Lieutenant Colonel George King and Bess to Powles.
The horses were repatriated to England in March 1919 and subjected to 12 months quarantine. Bess apparently took part in a victory parade in Britain. The horses arrived back in New Zealand in July 1920.
Later life
After the war Bess was the model for the sculpture of a wounded New Zealand horse on a memorial to the Anzac mounted troops at Port Said in Egypt. That statue was destroyed in the 1956 Suez crisis, and copies were made and erected at Albany in Western Australia and in Canberra.
Bess continued to serve Powles on her return to New Zealand in 1920 while he was a commander at Trentham and later as headmaster at Flock House, an agricultural training school for dependants of war veterans. Bess produced several foals, and died on land close to Flock House in 1934.
Powles buried her at Flock House and erected a memorial. The square-shaped memorial, topped by a large rock, features two memorial plaques. One denotes the places where Bess served during and after the war. The other bears an Arabic inscription that translates as ‘In the Name of the Most High God’.
Primary source material
Newspapers
- Demobilising army horses
- Four horses return to New Zealand
- Disposal of army horses - and here
- Troop horses’ fate -
- New Zealand army horses
Images
For images and other digitised material relating to this Great War Story from Archives New Zealand and the National Library of New Zealand see the related set on Digital New Zealand
Archives New Zealand Personnel file
Further sources
Books
- Kinloch, Terry. Devils on Horses – in the Words of the Anzacs in the Middle East 1916–19. Auckland: Exisle, 2007.
- Powles, C. G. History of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles, 1914–1919. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1928.
- Powles, C. Guy. The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1922.
- Reakes, C. J. ‘New Zealand Veterinary Corps.’ In The War Effort of New Zealand, edited by H. T. B. Drew, 149–162. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1923.
Websites
- Charles Guy Powles’s record on the Auckland War Memorial Museum Cenotaph Database.
- First World War horses, a story on NZHistory.
- Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment, a story on NZHistory about the regiment that served in the First World War.
- Sinai campaign, a story on NZHistory.
- Palestine campaign, a story on NZHistory.
- Horses, a story on Te Ara about horses, including during wartime.
Community contributions